von Willebrand Disease Type 2 (vWD2) is an inherited bleeding disorder that affects a dog's ability to form normal blood clots. The condition is caused by abnormalities in von Willebrand factor (vWF), a specialized blood protein that plays a critical role in helping platelets adhere to damaged blood vessels and initiate the clotting process. In dogs affected by vWD2, the von Willebrand factor is present but functions abnormally, resulting in impaired clot formation and an increased risk of excessive bleeding. Because vWD2 is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Acral Mutilation Syndrome (AMS) is a rare inherited neurological disorder that affects a dog's ability to perceive pain and sensation in the distal portions of the limbs, particularly the paws and toes. The condition is caused by genetic mutations that impair the normal development and function of sensory nerves. As a result, affected dogs have a reduced or absent ability to feel pain in their extremities, which can lead to self-inflicted injuries, chronic wounds, infections, and severe tissue damage. Because AMS is an inherited disorder, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Adult-Onset Neuropathy (AON) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, causing the gradual degeneration of nerves responsible for muscle movement, coordination, and sensory function. Unlike many hereditary neurological diseases that appear during puppyhood, AON typically develops later in life, often during adulthood. As the condition progresses, affected dogs may experience weakness, loss of coordination, and reduced mobility. Because AON is a genetic disorder, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an important tool for responsible breeding and long-term health management.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) / Familial Enamel Hypoplasia (FEH) is a hereditary dental disorder in dogs that affects the normal development of tooth enamel. Enamel is the hard, protective outer layer of the teeth that shields them from wear, decay, and damage. In dogs affected by AI/FEH, enamel formation is defective or incomplete due to genetic mutations that disrupt normal tooth development during early growth.

Breathing Testing for BOAS (Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome) is a clinical respiratory assessment used to evaluate airflow and breathing efficiency in dogs with short-nosed (brachycephalic) skull shapes. This condition affects breeds such as Pugs, Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and other flat-faced dogs, where anatomical changes in the skull can restrict normal airflow and lead to chronic breathing difficulty.

Breathing Testing for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) is a standardized clinical assessment used to evaluate respiratory health in dogs with short-nosed (brachycephalic) skull conformation. This includes breeds such as Pugs, English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, Shih Tzus, and similar flat-faced dogs. The test measures how effectively a dog can breathe at rest and under mild exercise, helping to identify the presence and severity of airway obstruction.

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) is a rare but serious inherited immune system disorder that affects a dog's ability to fight infections. The condition is caused by a genetic mutation that impairs the function of white blood cells (leukocytes), preventing them from properly moving from the bloodstream into tissues where they are needed to combat bacteria and other pathogens. As a result, affected dogs are highly susceptible to recurrent and severe infections that can become life-threatening. Because CLAD is a hereditary disease, genetic testing is an essential tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Centronuclear Myopathy (CNM) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder that affects the normal structure and function of skeletal muscles in dogs. The condition is characterized by abnormal development and maintenance of muscle fibers, leading to progressive muscle weakness, reduced endurance, and impaired mobility. Because CNM is a genetic disease, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an essential tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Cerebellar Ataxia (CA) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects the cerebellum, the region of the brain responsible for coordinating movement, maintaining balance, and regulating posture. Dogs affected by Cerebellar Ataxia experience progressive impairment of motor control due to degeneration or abnormal development of cerebellar nerve cells. As a result, affected dogs may develop an unsteady gait, poor coordination, tremors, and difficulties performing normal movements. Because CA is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an essential tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (CL), also known as Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL), is a rare but severe inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder that affects the brain and nervous system in dogs. It is caused by genetic mutations that disrupt the normal function of lysosomes—cellular structures responsible for breaking down and recycling waste materials. When these processes fail, abnormal fatty pigments called lipopigments (ceroid and lipofuscin) accumulate inside neurons, leading to progressive brain cell damage and loss of neurological function.

Chiari-Like Malformation (CM) is a structural neurological condition in dogs where the back of the skull is too small or abnormally shaped, causing crowding of the brain. This crowding mainly affects the cerebellum and brainstem region, where parts of the brain may become compressed or displaced toward the opening at the base of the skull (foramen magnum). This abnormal anatomy can disrupt normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and increase pressure within the central nervous system.

Chondrodysplasia (CDSL) is an inherited genetic condition that affects the normal development of cartilage and bone, leading to abnormal skeletal growth. It is often associated with shortened limbs (a form of disproportionate dwarfism), altered bone structure, and changes in overall body proportions. Because CDSL is a hereditary trait, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting informed breeding decisions.

Choroidal Hypoplasia (CH) is an inherited eye condition that affects the choroid, a thin vascular layer of the eye responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrients to the retina. It is a developmental defect in which the choroid does not form properly, leading to abnormal retinal support and potential vision impairment. Because CH is genetic in origin in many breeds, eye screening is an important tool for early detection and responsible breeding.

Chiari-like Malformation (CM) is a structural abnormality of the skull and brain in dogs where the back part of the skull is too small or misshapen to properly accommodate the brain. This mismatch causes crowding at the back of the brain (cerebellum and brainstem region), leading to abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and pressure changes within the nervous system. CM is a key predisposing condition for syringomyelia (SM), a painful spinal cord disorder.

Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA) is an inherited eye disorder that affects the development of the retina, choroid, and sclera, the key structures responsible for forming and supporting vision. It is a congenital condition, meaning it is present from birth, and is caused by a genetic mutation that disrupts normal eye development during the early stages of fetal growth. Because CEA is hereditary, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Collie Eye Anomaly / Choroidal Hypoplasia (CEA/CH) is a congenital inherited eye disorder that affects the normal development of the retina and choroid, two essential structures responsible for vision in dogs. It is present from birth and is caused by a genetic mutation that interferes with proper formation of ocular tissues during early embryonic development. Because CEA/CH is hereditary, both DNA testing and ophthalmic eye examinations are important tools for detecting affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Cone Degeneration (CD) is a rare inherited eye disorder in dogs that affects the cone photoreceptor cells in the retina. These cone cells are responsible for daylight vision, color perception, and visual sharpness. In dogs affected by this condition, the cones gradually deteriorate due to a genetic mutation, leading to progressive loss of vision in bright light environments.

Congenital Hypothyroidism with Goitre (CHG) is an inherited endocrine disorder that affects the normal function of the thyroid gland in dogs. The condition is characterized by a deficiency in thyroid hormone production from birth, often accompanied by an enlargement of the thyroid gland known as a goitre. Thyroid hormones play a critical role in regulating growth, metabolism, neurological development, and overall health. When these hormones are produced in insufficient amounts, affected dogs may experience a range of developmental and metabolic abnormalities. Because CHG is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Congenital Sensory Night Blindness (CSNB) is a rare inherited eye disorder in dogs that causes impaired vision in low-light or dark conditions. It is present from birth and results from abnormal development or function of the retinal cells responsible for transmitting light signals to the brain. Because CSNB is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Copper Toxicosis (COMMD1) is an inherited metabolic liver disorder in dogs that affects the body’s ability to properly regulate and eliminate copper, an essential trace mineral. It is caused by a mutation in the COMMD1 gene, which plays a key role in hepatic copper transport and excretion. When this gene is defective, copper accumulates in the liver to toxic levels, leading to progressive liver damage and, in severe cases, liver failure.

Curly Coat / Dry Eye Syndrome (CC/DE) is a genetic inherited disorder in dogs that combines two related conditions affecting the skin, coat, and eyes. It is caused by a mutation that leads to abnormal development of the ectodermal tissues, which are responsible for forming hair follicles, skin glands, and tear-producing glands. Because of its genetic origin, DNA testing is important for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and for supporting responsible breeding programs.

Cystinuria (CU) is an inherited metabolic disorder that affects the kidneys’ ability to properly reabsorb certain amino acids, especially cystine, during urine formation. In healthy dogs, cystine is filtered by the kidneys and then reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. In dogs affected by cystinuria, a genetic defect in renal tubular transport prevents this reabsorption, leading to excessive cystine loss in the urine. Because cystine is poorly soluble, it can form crystals and urinary stones (uroliths) in the urinary tract.

Degenerative Encephalopathy (DE) is a rare inherited neurological disorder that causes progressive degeneration of the brain and nervous system. The condition affects the normal function and survival of nerve cells, leading to a gradual decline in neurological abilities, coordination, and overall quality of life. Because Degenerative Encephalopathy is a genetic disease, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an essential tool for identifying carriers, affected dogs, and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a progressive inherited neurological disorder that affects the spinal cord, leading to gradual loss of coordination and mobility, particularly in the hind limbs. The condition is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to the degeneration of white matter in the spinal cord, which is responsible for transmitting movement signals from the brain to the muscles. As these nerve pathways deteriorate, affected dogs experience increasing weakness and difficulty walking. Because DM is a hereditary disease, genetic testing is an essential tool for identifying at-risk dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a progressive, inherited neurological disorder that affects the spinal cord, leading to gradual loss of coordination and mobility, primarily in the hind limbs. It is often compared to certain motor neuron diseases in humans and is caused in many breeds by a mutation in the SOD1 gene, which plays a role in protecting nerve cells from damage. When this gene is altered, it leads to progressive degeneration of spinal cord pathways responsible for movement.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious cardiac condition in dogs that affects the heart muscle’s ability to pump blood effectively. It is characterized by enlargement (dilation) of the heart chambers—particularly the ventricles—along with weakening of the heart muscle. As the disease progresses, the heart becomes less efficient, leading to reduced circulation, fluid buildup, and eventually heart failure if not properly managed.

DINGS2 is a genetic health test associated with an inherited neurological disorder affecting the peripheral nerves, particularly those responsible for normal movement and coordination of the limbs. It is classified as a form of hereditary neuropathy, where a specific DNA mutation disrupts normal nerve function, leading to progressive weakness and impaired motor control in dogs.

Dyserythropoietic Anemia and Myopathy Syndrome (DAMS) is a rare inherited genetic disorder that affects both the blood and muscular systems in dogs. The condition is characterized by abnormal red blood cell development (dyserythropoiesis) and progressive muscle disease (myopathy). As a result, affected dogs may experience chronic anemia, muscle weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and other health complications that can significantly impact their quality of life. Because DAMS is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an essential tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs, helping breeders make informed breeding decisions.

Elbow testing is a veterinary orthopedic screening procedure used to assess the health and structure of a dog’s elbow joints and to detect elbow dysplasia, a common developmental joint disorder. It is an important part of pre-breeding and general orthopedic health evaluation, especially in medium to large and giant breed dogs that are genetically predisposed to joint disease.

Episodic Falling (EF) is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder in dogs that causes sudden episodes of muscle stiffness and collapse, usually triggered by exercise, excitement, stress, or temperature changes. It is a genetic condition that affects the normal control of muscle relaxation, leading to intermittent episodes where affected dogs are unable to move their limbs properly.

Episodic Falling (EF) is an inherited neurological and neuromuscular disorder that affects a dog's ability to control muscle movement during periods of excitement, exercise, stress, or stimulation. The condition is characterized by sudden episodes of increased muscle stiffness and abnormal body posture, which can cause affected dogs to collapse or experience temporary difficulty walking. Although these episodes can appear alarming, affected dogs typically remain conscious and aware throughout the event. Because EF is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Exercise Induced Collapse (EIC) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder that affects a dog’s ability to maintain normal muscle function during periods of intense physical activity or excitement. Dogs with EIC may appear completely healthy under normal conditions but can experience episodes of weakness, loss of coordination, or collapse following strenuous exercise. Because EIC is a genetic condition, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an essential tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Eye testing in dogs refers to a comprehensive ophthalmic examination performed by a veterinary professional to evaluate overall eye health, detect disease, and identify inherited or acquired conditions that may affect vision. It is a key part of preventive healthcare and responsible breeding programs, helping ensure long-term ocular health and early detection of potentially serious eye disorders.

Gonioscopy (PLA – Primary Lens/Aqueous outflow assessment) is a specialized veterinary eye examination used to evaluate the drainage angle of the eye (iridocorneal angle). This test is primarily performed to assess a dog’s risk of developing Primary Glaucoma, a painful and vision-threatening eye disease caused by increased intraocular pressure.

Eye testing prior to breeding is a routine veterinary ophthalmic screening designed to evaluate a dog’s overall eye health and detect inherited or congenital eye diseases before they are passed on to future generations. It is a non-invasive clinical examination performed by a veterinary ophthalmologist or certified eye panelist, and it is considered a key part of responsible breeding programs worldwide.

Eye testing for PHPV (Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous) is an ophthalmic screening examination used to detect a congenital eye development disorder in dogs. PHPV occurs when the primary vitreous and hyaloid vascular system, which are normally present during early eye development in the embryo, fail to regress properly before birth. This results in persistent embryonic blood vessels and fibrous tissue remaining inside the eye, which can interfere with normal vision and eye structure.

Factor VII Deficiency (FVIID) is a rare inherited blood clotting disorder that affects a dog’s ability to properly form blood clots after injury. It is caused by a deficiency or malfunction of coagulation Factor VII, a critical protein in the body’s clotting cascade. This factor plays an essential role in initiating the process that leads to stable clot formation. When Factor VII is reduced or defective, blood clotting is delayed, increasing the risk of excessive or prolonged bleeding. Because this condition is genetic, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Familial Nephropathy (FN) is an inherited kidney disorder that causes progressive damage to the kidneys, ultimately impairing their ability to filter waste products and maintain normal body functions. The condition is typically caused by genetic mutations affecting proteins that are essential for the structure and function of the kidney's filtration units, known as glomeruli. As the disease progresses, affected dogs may develop chronic kidney disease and, in severe cases, kidney failure. Because Familial Nephropathy is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Fucosidosis (FUCO) is a rare inherited lysosomal storage disorder that affects a dog's ability to break down and recycle certain complex sugars known as glycoproteins and glycolipids. The condition is caused by mutations in the FUCA1 gene, which is responsible for producing the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase. This enzyme plays a critical role in the normal degradation of fucose-containing compounds within lysosomes, the cellular structures responsible for waste processing and recycling. When the enzyme is deficient or absent, these substances accumulate within cells and tissues throughout the body, leading to progressive and widespread organ damage.

Gangliosidosis (GM1) is a rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorder that affects the nervous system in dogs. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme β-galactosidase, which is responsible for breaking down complex molecules called gangliosides. When this enzyme is missing or not functioning properly due to a genetic mutation, gangliosides accumulate inside cells—especially in the brain and nervous system—leading to progressive neurological damage.

Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia is a rare inherited bleeding disorder that affects the normal function of platelets, which are essential for blood clot formation. Platelets normally work by clumping together at the site of an injury to form a stable clot and stop bleeding. In dogs affected by Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia, this clotting process is disrupted due to a defect in a key platelet surface receptor. As a result, although platelet numbers may be normal, their ability to bind and aggregate properly is severely impaired, leading to excessive or prolonged bleeding. Because this condition is genetic, DNA testing plays a critical role in identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (GSD II), also known as Pompe-like disease, is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that affects the body’s ability to break down glycogen (stored sugar) into usable energy. It is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which is essential for glycogen breakdown inside lysosomes. When this enzyme is non-functional or significantly reduced due to a genetic mutation, glycogen accumulates abnormally in cells—especially in muscles—leading to progressive weakness and organ dysfunction.

Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (GSDII) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that affects a dog's ability to break down glycogen, the stored form of glucose used for energy. The condition is caused by mutations in the gene responsible for producing acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), an enzyme that plays a critical role in the breakdown of glycogen within cellular structures called lysosomes. When this enzyme is deficient or absent, glycogen accumulates in tissues and organs, particularly in muscles and the heart, leading to progressive cellular damage and impaired function.

Gonioscopy (PLA – Primary Lens/Aqueous Outflow Assessment) is an ophthalmic screening test used to evaluate the drainage angle of the eye, which plays a crucial role in maintaining normal intraocular pressure. It is primarily used to assess a dog’s risk of developing Primary Glaucoma, a condition that can lead to pain and irreversible blindness if not detected early. Unlike DNA tests, gonioscopy is a clinical eye examination, not a genetic test, and it evaluates the actual structure and function of the eye’s drainage system.

Greyhound Neuropathy (GN) is a rare inherited neurological disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, leading to progressive nerve degeneration and impaired communication between the brain, spinal cord, and muscles. The condition primarily impacts motor and sensory nerve function, resulting in weakness, loss of coordination, and reduced mobility. Because GN is a genetic disease, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) testing is a diagnostic hearing test used to evaluate a dog’s ability to hear in one or both ears. Unlike DNA tests that detect inherited risk, BAER is a physiological test that measures how the brain responds to sound stimuli, providing an accurate and objective assessment of hearing function. It is widely used in veterinary medicine to detect congenital (present at birth) or acquired deafness in dogs.

Mitral Valve Disease (MVD) is one of the most common acquired heart conditions in dogs, especially in small and toy breeds. It is a progressive disease that affects the mitral valve, a key structure in the heart that controls blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. Over time, the valve becomes thickened and weakened, causing it to leak and allowing blood to flow backward. This condition is known as mitral regurgitation.

Hereditary Cataracts (HC-HSF4-2) is an inherited eye disorder that causes progressive clouding of the lens, leading to impaired vision and, in some cases, blindness. It is associated with a mutation in the HSF4 (Heat Shock Transcription Factor 4) gene, which is essential for maintaining normal protein stability and transparency within the eye lens. When this gene is altered, abnormal protein aggregation occurs inside the lens, resulting in cataract formation. Because HC-HSF4-2 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding programs.

Hereditary Cataracts (HC-HSF4) is an inherited eye disorder that causes clouding of the eye’s natural lens, leading to progressive vision impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. It is caused by a mutation in the HSF4 (Heat Shock Transcription Factor 4) gene, which plays an important role in maintaining normal lens protein structure and transparency. When this gene is altered, abnormal protein changes occur within the lens, resulting in the formation of cataracts. Because HC-HSF4 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is a key tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia (HCA) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and fine motor control. In dogs affected by HCA, a genetic mutation leads to progressive degeneration or dysfunction of cerebellar neurons, resulting in loss of coordination and difficulty controlling voluntary movements. Because HCA is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis (HFH) is an inherited skin disorder that affects the paw pads of dogs, causing abnormal thickening of the outer skin layer. It is a genetic condition in which the production of keratin—the structural protein in skin—becomes excessive, leading to hard, dry, and rough footpads. Because HFH is hereditary in nature, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis (HNPK) is an inherited skin disorder that primarily affects the nose of affected dogs. The condition is caused by a genetic mutation that disrupts the normal formation and maintenance of keratin, a structural protein essential for healthy skin. As a result, dogs with HNPK develop abnormal thickening, drying, and cracking of the skin on the surface of the nose. Although the condition is generally not life-threatening, it can cause discomfort, secondary infections, and cosmetic changes that may require lifelong management. Because HNPK is a hereditary disease, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Hereditary Necrotising Myelopathy (ENM) is a rare inherited neurological disorder that affects the spinal cord, leading to progressive degeneration and destruction of nerve tissue. It is a severe form of myelopathy in which genetic mutations disrupt normal nerve cell maintenance, causing necrosis (cell death) within the spinal cord. Because ENM is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Hip testing is a veterinary orthopedic evaluation used to assess the health and structure of a dog’s hip joints and to screen for hip dysplasia, a common developmental condition that affects mobility and long-term joint function. Unlike DNA tests, hip testing is a physical and radiographic assessment, meaning it evaluates the actual anatomy and condition of the joints rather than genetic markers alone. It is widely used in breeding programs to improve skeletal health and reduce the risk of hip-related disease in future generations.

Hyperuricosuria (HUU) is an inherited metabolic disorder that affects the way dogs process purines, substances found in many foods and naturally occurring in the body. In dogs with HUU, a genetic mutation leads to excessive excretion of uric acid in the urine, which can result in the formation of urinary stones (uroliths), most commonly urate bladder or kidney stones. Because HUU is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Ichthyosis (ICT-A) is an inherited skin disorder that affects the normal formation and shedding of the outer layer of the skin. The condition is characterized by excessive scaling, flaking, and abnormal skin keratinization, resulting in dry, rough, and often thickened skin. Ichthyosis is a lifelong genetic condition that can vary in severity from mild cosmetic changes to more extensive skin abnormalities. Because ICT-A is hereditary, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Imerslund–Gräsbeck Syndrome (IGS) is an inherited disorder that affects the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the intestines, leading to chronic deficiency of this essential nutrient. Vitamin B12 is vital for normal red blood cell production, nervous system function, and DNA synthesis. In dogs affected by IGS, a genetic mutation disrupts the normal transport mechanism required to absorb vitamin B12 from the diet, resulting in long-term metabolic and hematological problems. Because IGS is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Imerslund–Gräsbeck Syndrome (IGS-2) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that affects the body’s ability to absorb vitamin B12 (cobalamin) from the intestine. Vitamin B12 is essential for normal blood formation, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. Dogs affected by IGS-2 are unable to properly absorb this vitamin from food, leading to chronic deficiency over time. Because this condition is genetic, DNA testing plays an important role in identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Inherited Myopathy of Great Danes (IMGD) is a genetic muscle disorder that affects the normal function and structure of skeletal muscles in dogs, particularly Great Danes. It is a progressive condition in which muscle fibers gradually weaken and degenerate, leading to reduced strength, exercise intolerance, and difficulty performing normal physical activities. Because IMGD is inherited, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Juvenile Addison’s Disease (JADD) is an inherited endocrine disorder that affects the adrenal glands, resulting in inadequate production of essential hormones needed for normal body function. The adrenal glands, located near the kidneys, produce hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone, which play critical roles in regulating metabolism, stress response, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and hydration. In dogs affected by JADD, the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient levels of these hormones, leading to potentially serious health complications. Because the condition is hereditary, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Juvenile Dilated Cardiomyopathy (JDCM) is a severe inherited heart condition that affects young dogs, causing progressive weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. It is a form of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) that appears early in life due to a genetic defect that disrupts normal heart muscle development and function. Because it occurs at a young age and progresses rapidly, it is considered a particularly serious hereditary cardiac disorder.

Juvenile Dilated Cardiomyopathy (JDCM) is a serious inherited heart disorder that affects young dogs, causing progressive weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. It is a genetic form of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) that typically appears early in life and can lead to reduced heart function, heart failure, and sudden death if not detected and managed promptly. Because JDCM is hereditary in origin, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and for supporting responsible breeding practices.

Juvenile Epilepsy (JE) is an inherited neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that begin during puppyhood or early adolescence. The condition affects the normal electrical activity of the brain, leading to episodes of abnormal nerve signaling that can result in convulsions, altered behavior, muscle twitching, or temporary loss of awareness. Because Juvenile Epilepsy is a genetic condition, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an important tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Juvenile Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy (JLPP) is a severe, inherited neurological disorder that affects young dogs and leads to progressive dysfunction of the larynx (voice box) and the peripheral nervous system. It is a genetic condition that typically appears early in life and can significantly impact breathing, movement, and overall quality of life. Because JLPP is hereditary, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs, and for guiding responsible breeding decisions.

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is an inherited neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that typically begin in young dogs during adolescence or early adulthood. The condition affects the normal electrical activity of the brain, leading to sudden, involuntary muscle jerks (myoclonus) and, in some cases, generalized seizures. Because JME is a genetic condition, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an important tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

L-2-Hydroxyglutarate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (L-2-HGA) is a rare inherited neurometabolic disorder that affects the brain and nervous system in dogs. It is caused by a mutation in the gene responsible for producing the enzyme L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, which normally helps break down a naturally occurring metabolite called L-2-hydroxyglutarate. When this enzyme is defective, the compound accumulates in the brain and other tissues, leading to progressive neurological damage.

Lafora disease is a rare, inherited neurological disorder that causes progressive epilepsy and severe degeneration of the brain over time. It is a type of myoclonic epilepsy, characterized by repeated seizures and involuntary muscle jerks (myoclonus). The condition is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to abnormal accumulation of starch-like compounds called Lafora bodies inside nerve cells. These abnormal deposits gradually damage brain function, leading to worsening neurological symptoms. Because Lafora disease is genetic, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy (LPPN3) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects both the peripheral nerves and the laryngeal (voice box) function in dogs. It is a progressive condition in which nerve degeneration leads to weakness in multiple body systems, including the muscles responsible for breathing, swallowing, and limb movement. Because LPPN3 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs, supporting responsible breeding and early clinical awareness.

Late Onset Ataxia (LOA) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects a dog’s coordination, balance, and motor control. Unlike some neurological diseases that appear during puppyhood, LOA typically develops later in life, often after a dog has reached maturity. The condition is characterized by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells involved in movement and coordination, leading to increasing difficulties with walking, balance, and overall mobility. Because LOA is a hereditary disease, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Leonberger Polyneuropathy (LPN1) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, leading to progressive degeneration of motor and sensory nerves in dogs. It is one of the recognized genetic forms of polyneuropathy in Leonbergers and related breeds. Because LPN1 is hereditary, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs, helping support responsible breeding and early disease awareness.

Leonberger Polyneuropathy (LPN2) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects the peripheral nerves, leading to progressive weakness, reduced mobility, and impaired nerve function in dogs. It is one of the genetic forms of polyneuropathy identified in Leonbergers and related breeds. Because LPN2 is hereditary in origin, DNA testing plays an important role in identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs, supporting responsible breeding decisions and early health monitoring.

Leukoencephalomyelopathy (LEMP-2) is a rare inherited neurological disorder that affects the white matter of the brain and spinal cord in dogs. White matter consists of nerve fibers coated with myelin, which is essential for fast and efficient transmission of signals between the brain and the rest of the body. In dogs affected by LEMP-2, a genetic mutation disrupts normal maintenance of this myelin, leading to progressive neurological dysfunction.

Leukoencephalomyelopathy (LEMP) is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects the white matter (myelin) of the brain and spinal cord in dogs. Myelin is the protective sheath that surrounds nerve fibers and allows electrical signals to travel efficiently throughout the nervous system. In dogs affected by LEMP, a genetic mutation disrupts normal myelin maintenance, leading to progressive degeneration of nerve pathways and impaired communication between the brain and body.

Lysosomal Storage Disease (LSD) refers to a group of inherited metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies in specific enzymes that are responsible for breaking down and recycling complex molecules within cellular structures known as lysosomes. Lysosomes act as the cell’s waste-processing and recycling centers, helping to degrade unwanted materials and maintain normal cellular function. When one of these enzymes is absent or functions improperly, substances that should be broken down accumulate inside cells, leading to progressive damage in multiple organs and body systems. Because LSD is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Macular Corneal Dystrophy (MCD) is an inherited eye disorder that affects the cornea, the clear outer layer at the front of the eye. The condition is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of substances within the corneal tissue, leading to progressive clouding and loss of transparency. As the cornea becomes increasingly opaque, vision may be impaired to varying degrees. Because MCD is a hereditary disease, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorder that affects the nervous system in dogs. It is caused by a mutation that disrupts the function of a specific enzyme responsible for breaking down complex sugar molecules called heparan sulfate (a type of glycosaminoglycan). When this enzyme is deficient or non-functional, these substances accumulate inside cells, leading to progressive damage—especially in the brain and central nervous system.

Multi Drug Resistance 1 (MDR-1) is an inherited genetic condition that affects a dog's ability to safely process and eliminate certain medications from the body. The disorder is caused by a mutation in the MDR1 gene, also known as the ABCB1 gene, which is responsible for producing a protein called P-glycoprotein. This protein acts as a protective transporter, helping to remove specific drugs, toxins, and other substances from the brain and various tissues. When the MDR-1 gene is mutated, this protective mechanism may not function properly, making affected dogs highly sensitive to certain medications.

Multi Drug Resistance (MDR1) is an inherited genetic condition that affects a dog's ability to safely process and eliminate certain medications. The disorder is caused by a mutation in the MDR1 gene (ABCB1), which is responsible for producing P-glycoprotein, a transporter protein that helps protect the brain and other tissues from potentially harmful substances. When this gene is altered, the body's ability to move specific drugs out of sensitive tissues is reduced, increasing the risk of drug toxicity and adverse reactions.

Multi-Drug Resistance 1 (MDR1) is an inherited genetic condition that affects a dog’s ability to safely process and eliminate certain medications. The condition is caused by a mutation in the MDR1 gene (also known as the ABCB1 gene), which produces a protein called P-glycoprotein. This protein acts as a protective transporter, helping to move drugs and toxins out of the brain and other tissues. When the MDR1 gene is altered, this protective mechanism may not function properly, increasing the risk of severe drug sensitivity and adverse reactions.

Musladin–Lueke Syndrome (MLS) is a rare inherited connective tissue disorder that affects skin, joints, bones, and overall body structure in dogs. It is caused by a genetic mutation that alters the normal development and function of connective tissue, which provides strength and elasticity to many parts of the body. Because MLS is a hereditary condition, DNA testing is an essential tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) refers to a group of bacterial infections caused by slow-growing mycobacteria, primarily Mycobacterium avium and related species. In dogs, MAC infection is typically considered an opportunistic infectious disease, meaning it is more likely to affect animals with weakened immune systems rather than healthy individuals. Unlike purely inherited genetic disorders, MAC is an environmental infectious condition, but susceptibility and immune response can have a genetic influence in some cases.

Neonatal Cerebellar Cortical Degeneration (NCCD) is a rare inherited neurological disorder that affects the early development and survival of nerve cells in the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordination, balance, and smooth movement. This condition leads to progressive degeneration of the cerebellar cortex shortly after birth or during early puppy development. Because NCCD is a genetic disorder, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (NAD-TECPR2) is a rare inherited neurological disorder that affects the normal function and maintenance of nerve cells within the central and peripheral nervous systems. The condition is associated with mutations in the TECPR2 (Tectonin Beta-Propeller Repeat Containing 2) gene, which plays an important role in cellular maintenance processes, including the removal and recycling of damaged cellular components. When this gene is altered, nerve cells gradually accumulate damage, leading to progressive degeneration of the nervous system and impaired neurological function.

Neuronal Axonal Deficiency (NAD-PLA2G6) is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects the structure and function of neurons in dogs. It is caused by a mutation in the PLA2G6 gene, which plays an essential role in maintaining healthy nerve cell membranes and normal axonal function. Because this gene is critical for neuronal stability, mutations can lead to progressive damage of the nervous system over time. DNA testing is therefore an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL12) is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain and nervous system in dogs. It belongs to a group of conditions known as lysosomal storage diseases, in which waste products accumulate inside cells due to defective cellular recycling mechanisms. In NCL12, a genetic mutation disrupts normal lysosomal function, leading to the buildup of toxic substances called lipopigments (ceroid and lipofuscin) within neurons. Over time, this accumulation causes progressive nerve cell dysfunction and death.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL8) is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain, nervous system, and overall neurological function in dogs. NCL8 belongs to a group of diseases known as lysosomal storage disorders, in which the body is unable to properly break down and remove certain cellular waste materials. As a result, abnormal substances called ceroid lipofuscins accumulate within nerve cells, leading to progressive damage and loss of neurological function. Because NCL8 is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an essential tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (Sal-NCL) is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain, nervous system, and overall neurological function in dogs. Sal-NCL belongs to a group of diseases known as lysosomal storage disorders, in which the body's cells are unable to properly break down and recycle certain waste materials. As a result, abnormal substances called ceroid lipofuscins accumulate within nerve cells, causing progressive damage to the brain and nervous system. Because Sal-NCL is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an essential tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Osteochondrodysplasia (OC) is an inherited developmental disorder that affects the normal formation of bones and cartilage in dogs. It belongs to a group of conditions that disrupt the growth and structure of the skeletal system, leading to abnormal bone shape, reduced bone length, and altered joint development. Because OC is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Phosphofructokinase Deficiency (PFK) is an inherited metabolic disorder that affects a dog's ability to properly utilize glucose for energy. The condition is caused by mutations in the gene responsible for producing phosphofructokinase (PFK), a key enzyme involved in glycolysis, the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy. When this enzyme is deficient or absent, red blood cells and muscle cells are unable to generate energy efficiently, leading to a variety of health complications, including anemia, exercise intolerance, and muscle weakness.

Pituitary Dwarfism (DP-LXH3) is a rare inherited endocrine disorder in dogs that affects the normal production of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a small but vital structure located at the base of the brain, responsible for regulating several hormones that control growth, metabolism, and development. In dogs affected by DP-LXH3, a genetic mutation disrupts normal pituitary function, leading to insufficient secretion of growth hormone and resulting in proportionate dwarfism and developmental abnormalities.

PLA (Primary Lens-Associated / Primary Angle-Related Assessment via Gonioscopy) refers to a clinical eye screening test used to evaluate the structure and function of the drainage angle inside the eye. This assessment is primarily used to identify dogs that may be predisposed to developing glaucoma-related eye disease, particularly conditions involving abnormal fluid drainage that can lead to increased intraocular pressure and vision loss. Unlike DNA-based tests, PLA gonioscopy is a direct clinical examination of the eye’s anatomy, not a genetic mutation test.

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare inherited disorder that affects the structure and function of cilia, the microscopic hair-like structures that line the respiratory tract, ears, reproductive organs, and other parts of the body. These cilia play a vital role in moving mucus, debris, bacteria, and other particles out of the airways and helping maintain normal organ function. In dogs affected by PCD, cilia do not move properly or may be structurally abnormal, resulting in impaired clearance of mucus and increased susceptibility to chronic infections and other health complications.

Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an endocrine (hormonal) disorder in dogs that affects the regulation of calcium levels in the body. It occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone plays a key role in controlling calcium and phosphorus balance. When PTH levels become abnormally high, calcium levels in the blood rise (hypercalcemia), which can have widespread effects on the kidneys, bones, nervous system, and overall metabolism. While PHPT is most often a clinical disease, genetic testing and screening in certain predisposed populations can help identify risk and support early monitoring and responsible breeding decisions.

Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) is a hereditary eye disorder in dogs in which the lens of the eye becomes unstable and shifts from its normal position. The lens is a transparent structure located behind the iris that focuses light onto the retina to create clear vision. In dogs affected by PLL, the supporting fibers (zonules) that hold the lens in place gradually weaken or break due to a genetic mutation, causing the lens to become partially or completely displaced.

Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) is an inherited eye disorder that causes the lens of the eye to become unstable and dislocate from its normal position. The lens plays a key role in focusing light onto the retina for clear vision. In dogs affected by PLL, the supporting fibers that hold the lens in place gradually weaken, leading to partial or complete lens dislocation. This condition can cause pain, inflammation, and vision loss. Because PLL is genetic in origin, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) is an inherited eye disorder in which the lens of the eye becomes unstable and shifts from its normal position. The lens is responsible for focusing light onto the retina to produce clear vision. In dogs affected by PLL, weakening of the structures that hold the lens in place (the zonular fibers) causes the lens to partially or completely dislocate, leading to pain, inflammation, and vision loss. Because PLL is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an essential tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG-2) is an inherited eye disorder that leads to increased pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure), resulting in progressive and irreversible damage to the optic nerve. Over time, this damage can cause vision impairment and eventual blindness. Because POAG-2 is a genetic condition, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying at-risk dogs, carriers, and affected individuals, supporting early detection and responsible breeding practices.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG-3) is an inherited eye disorder that causes a gradual increase in pressure inside the eye, leading to progressive damage of the optic nerve and eventual vision loss. This condition occurs without an obvious secondary cause, meaning the eye initially appears normal while internal drainage function slowly deteriorates. Because POAG-3 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying at-risk dogs, carriers, and affected individuals, supporting early intervention and responsible breeding decisions.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG-5) is an inherited eye disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), ultimately damaging the optic nerve and causing vision loss or blindness. It is classified as a “primary” form of glaucoma because it develops due to internal dysfunction of the eye’s drainage system rather than being triggered by injury, inflammation, or other eye diseases. Because POAG-5 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying at-risk dogs, carriers, and affected individuals, helping support early monitoring and responsible breeding practices.