The immune system relies on white blood cells to recognize, migrate toward, and destroy invading microorganisms. In healthy dogs, leukocytes attach to blood vessel walls and move into infected tissues through a process known as cell adhesion and migration. In dogs affected by CLAD, a genetic defect disrupts this process, making it difficult for white blood cells to reach sites of infection. Although affected dogs may have normal or even elevated white blood cell counts, these cells are unable to function effectively where they are needed most.
Clinical signs of Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency typically appear during puppyhood. Affected puppies often experience recurrent bacterial infections that may be unusually severe or difficult to treat. Common symptoms include fever, lethargy, poor growth, swollen lymph nodes, chronic skin infections, gum inflammation, delayed wound healing, respiratory infections, and persistent oral ulcers. Puppies may also develop severe infections around the umbilical area shortly after birth. Because the immune system is compromised, infections tend to recur despite medical treatment, and affected dogs often have a reduced life expectancy without intensive veterinary care.
The CLAD DNA Health Test is designed to identify the specific genetic mutation associated with Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency. Testing is simple and non-invasive, typically requiring a cheek swab or blood sample. The collected sample is analyzed in a specialized laboratory to determine the dog's genetic status. Since DNA remains unchanged throughout life, testing can be performed at any age, including in newborn puppies before symptoms develop.
Results are generally reported in one of three categories:
- Clear (Normal): The dog does not carry the CLAD mutation and cannot pass it to offspring.
- Carrier: The dog carries one copy of the mutation but remains healthy and unaffected. However, it can pass the mutation to future generations.
- Affected/At Risk: The dog carries two copies of the mutation and has a significantly increased likelihood of developing Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency.
Genetic testing for CLAD provides valuable information for breeders, veterinarians, and dog owners. Breeders can use test results to make informed mating decisions that help eliminate the disorder from breeding programs while maintaining healthy genetic diversity. Avoiding the breeding of two carrier dogs significantly reduces the risk of producing affected puppies.
For dog owners, understanding a dog's genetic status allows for early veterinary monitoring and prompt medical intervention if symptoms arise. While there is currently no cure for CLAD, early diagnosis can assist veterinarians in managing infections and providing supportive care aimed at improving quality of life.
The Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) Health Test is a reliable genetic screening tool that supports responsible breeding practices, promotes canine immune system health, and helps reduce the impact of this inherited disorder in future generations. Through early detection and informed breeding decisions, breeders and owners can contribute to healthier dogs and improved long-term welfare.
