Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG-4) is a hereditary eye disorder that can affect certain dog breeds and is characterized by a gradual increase in pressure within the eye. This increase in intraocular pressure occurs when the normal drainage of fluid from the eye becomes impaired, leading to damage of the optic nerve and other ocular structures. If left unmanaged, POAG-4 can result in progressive vision loss and, ultimately, blindness. Because the condition is inherited, genetic testing plays an important role in identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG-5) is an inherited eye disease that affects the normal regulation of fluid pressure within a dog's eyes. The condition is characterized by a gradual increase in intraocular pressure caused by impaired drainage of aqueous humor, the fluid that nourishes and maintains the eye. Over time, elevated pressure can damage the optic nerve and retina, leading to progressive vision impairment and, in severe cases, irreversible blindness. As a hereditary disorder, POAG-5 can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making genetic testing an essential tool for responsible breeding and long-term canine health management.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is an inherited eye disorder that causes a gradual and irreversible increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to progressive damage of the optic nerve and eventual vision loss or blindness. It is classified as a primary form of glaucoma, meaning it develops due to an inherent defect in the eye’s drainage system rather than being caused by injury, inflammation, or other eye diseases. Because POAG has a genetic basis in many dog breeds, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying at-risk dogs, carriers, and affected individuals, supporting early detection and responsible breeding practices.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG-4) is an inherited eye disorder that leads to a slow, progressive increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), ultimately damaging the optic nerve and causing irreversible vision loss. It is classified as a primary glaucoma, meaning it develops due to an inherent dysfunction in the eye’s drainage system rather than being triggered by injury, inflammation, or another underlying eye disease. Because POAG-4 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying at-risk, carrier, and affected dogs, supporting early monitoring and responsible breeding decisions.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (BBS2-PRA) is an inherited eye disorder that causes the gradual degeneration of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The condition is associated with a mutation in the BBS2 (Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 2) gene, which plays an important role in the normal function and maintenance of retinal cells. When this gene is altered, retinal cells progressively deteriorate over time, leading to vision impairment and eventually blindness. As a hereditary condition, BBS2-PRA can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making genetic testing a valuable tool for responsible breeding and long-term canine health management.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (CNGA1-PRA) is an inherited eye disease that causes the gradual degeneration of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The condition is associated with mutations in the CNGA1 (Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Alpha 1) gene, which plays a critical role in the normal function of retinal photoreceptor cells. When this gene is altered, retinal cells are unable to function properly and progressively deteriorate over time, leading to vision loss and, eventually, blindness. Because CNGA1-PRA is a hereditary disorder, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making genetic testing an essential component of responsible breeding programs.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (GR_PRA1) is an inherited eye disease that causes the gradual degeneration of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into nerve signals that are transmitted to the brain, enabling vision. In dogs affected by GR_PRA1, retinal photoreceptor cells progressively deteriorate over time, leading to worsening vision and, ultimately, blindness. Because the condition is genetic, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an essential component of responsible breeding programs.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (GR_PRA2) is an inherited eye disorder that causes the gradual degeneration of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina plays a critical role in vision by converting light into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain. In dogs affected by GR_PRA2, retinal cells progressively deteriorate over time, resulting in worsening vision and, ultimately, blindness. Because the condition is genetic, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an essential tool for responsible breeding and early disease detection.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (pap-PRA) is an inherited eye disorder that leads to the gradual degeneration of the retina, eventually resulting in progressive vision loss and blindness. It is a genetic form of PRA that affects the photoreceptor cells in the eye, which are responsible for converting light into visual signals that the brain can interpret. Because pap-PRA is inherited, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding programs.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA crd3) is a hereditary eye disorder that causes gradual degeneration of the retina, ultimately leading to vision loss and blindness. It affects the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, which is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that the brain interprets as vision. The “crd3” form refers to a specific genetic variant that primarily affects cone and rod photoreceptor cells, leading to progressive visual impairment.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA rcd4) is an inherited eye disorder that causes gradual degeneration of the retina, leading to progressive vision loss and eventual blindness. It is a specific form of PRA known as rod-cone dysplasia type 4 (rcd4), which primarily affects the development and long-term survival of photoreceptor cells in the eye. Because PRA rcd4 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA-rcd2) is an inherited eye disease that causes the gradual degeneration of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is essential for vision, as it converts light into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain. In dogs affected by PRA-rcd2, retinal photoreceptor cells progressively deteriorate, leading to worsening vision and, ultimately, complete blindness. As a genetic disorder, PRA-rcd2 can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an important tool for responsible breeding and early disease identification.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA-rcd3) is an inherited eye disorder that causes the gradual degeneration of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into nerve signals that are sent to the brain, allowing a dog to see. In dogs affected by PRA-rcd3, retinal cells progressively deteriorate over time, resulting in worsening vision and, eventually, complete blindness. Because PRA-rcd3 is a genetic condition, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an important tool for responsible breeding and disease prevention.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA3) is an inherited eye disease that causes the gradual degeneration of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina plays a vital role in vision by converting light into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain for interpretation. In dogs affected by PRA3, retinal photoreceptor cells progressively deteriorate, resulting in worsening vision and, eventually, blindness. Because PRA3 is a hereditary condition, genetic testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA4) is an inherited eye disease that affects the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina plays a critical role in vision by converting light into signals that are sent to the brain. In dogs affected by PRA4, retinal cells gradually degenerate over time, leading to progressive vision loss and eventually complete blindness. Because this condition is genetic, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making genetic screening an important part of responsible breeding programs.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA5) is an inherited eye disorder that causes gradual degeneration of the retina, ultimately leading to progressive vision loss and blindness in affected dogs. It belongs to a group of genetic diseases known as Progressive Retinal Atrophy, which affect the photoreceptor cells responsible for capturing light and converting it into visual signals for the brain. Because PRA5 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected, carrier, and clear dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (prcd-PRA) is one of the most common inherited eye disorders in dogs, causing gradual degeneration of the retina and leading to progressive vision loss and eventual blindness. The condition specifically affects the photoreceptor cells in the retina—rods (responsible for low-light vision) and cones (responsible for daylight and color vision). Because prcd-PRA is genetic in origin, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA cord1) is an inherited eye disorder that causes gradual degeneration of the retina, ultimately leading to vision loss and blindness. The condition is a specific form of Progressive Retinal Atrophy linked to a mutation in the RPGRIP1 gene, commonly referred to as cord1 (cone-rod dystrophy 1). Because PRA cord1 is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an essential tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy PRA (rcd1) is an inherited eye disorder that causes the gradual degeneration of the retina, ultimately leading to progressive vision loss and blindness. The term rcd1 stands for rod-cone dysplasia type 1, a specific form of Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) that affects the development and function of the retina's photoreceptor cells. Because PRA (rcd1) is a genetic condition, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an important tool for responsible breeding and early disease detection.

Pug Dog Encephalitis (PDE) is a severe, inherited inflammatory brain disease that primarily affects Pugs. It is a rapidly progressive neurological disorder that causes inflammation and necrosis (death of brain tissue), leading to seizures, behavioral changes, loss of coordination, and ultimately fatal neurological decline. Because PDE has a strong genetic component, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying dogs at increased risk and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (PDP-1) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that affects a dog's ability to efficiently convert nutrients into usable energy. The condition is caused by mutations in genes involved in the function of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, a critical enzyme system responsible for converting pyruvate, a product of glucose metabolism, into acetyl-CoA, which is used in the body's energy-producing pathways. When this process is disrupted, cells are unable to generate energy efficiently, particularly in tissues with high energy demands such as the brain, muscles, and nervous system.

Raine’s Syndrome is a rare inherited genetic disorder that affects normal skeletal development and bone formation in dogs. The condition is associated with mutations in genes involved in the regulation of mineralization and bone growth, leading to abnormalities in the structure and development of bones and other tissues. Because Raine’s Syndrome is hereditary, affected dogs inherit the condition from their parents, making genetic testing an important tool for identifying carriers and reducing the risk of producing affected puppies.

Early-Onset Progressive Retinal Atrophy (EOPRA) is an inherited eye disorder that causes rapid degeneration of the retina, leading to progressive vision loss and eventual blindness at a young age. It is a severe form of Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), a group of genetic diseases that affect the photoreceptor cells in the retina. Because EOPRA is hereditary, DNA testing is essential for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Retinopathy is a term used to describe diseases and abnormalities affecting the retina, the light-sensitive layer located at the back of the eye that is essential for vision. The retina captures light entering the eye and converts it into nerve signals that are transmitted to the brain, allowing dogs to see their surroundings. When the retina becomes damaged or develops abnormally, vision can be impaired to varying degrees, ranging from mild visual deficits to complete blindness. Certain forms of retinopathy are inherited and can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making genetic testing an important tool for disease management and responsible breeding.

Sensory Neuropathy (SN) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects the sensory nerves responsible for transmitting information such as pain, temperature, touch, and body position from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. In dogs affected by Sensory Neuropathy, these nerves gradually degenerate or function abnormally, leading to reduced sensation, impaired coordination, and progressive neurological dysfunction. Because SN is a genetic condition, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an essential tool for responsible breeding and early disease detection.

Severe Goniodysgenesis & Glaucoma Risk (GGD) is an inherited eye condition associated with abnormal development of the eye’s drainage angle, known as the iridocorneal angle. This area is responsible for allowing aqueous humor, the fluid inside the eye, to drain properly and maintain normal intraocular pressure. In dogs affected by Severe Goniodysgenesis, the drainage structures may be malformed or underdeveloped, increasing the risk of fluid accumulation, elevated eye pressure, and the subsequent development of glaucoma. Because the condition is hereditary, genetic testing is a valuable tool for identifying at-risk dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Skeletal Dysplasia 2 (SD2) is an inherited developmental disorder that affects the normal growth and formation of bones in dogs. The condition is characterized by abnormalities in skeletal development, particularly involving the long bones of the limbs. Dogs affected by SD2 typically exhibit disproportionate dwarfism, where the limbs are shorter than expected while the body remains relatively normal in size. Because SD2 is a genetic condition, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an important tool for responsible breeding and genetic health management.

Syringomyelia (SM) is a serious neurological condition characterized by the development of fluid-filled cavities, known as syrinxes, within the spinal cord. These cavities can expand over time, damaging surrounding nerve tissue and causing a variety of neurological symptoms, including pain, sensitivity, weakness, and movement abnormalities. Syringomyelia is often associated with structural abnormalities at the back of the skull, particularly Chiari-like Malformation (CM), which can disrupt the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Because genetic factors are known to contribute to the development of SM in certain breeds, genetic testing can play an important role in breeding management and risk assessment.

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) Spine Screening is a health assessment designed to evaluate a dog’s genetic risk and/or predisposition to developing spinal disc degeneration and related neurological problems. IVDD is a common condition in dogs where the cushioning discs between the vertebrae of the spine become weakened, dehydrated, or herniated, leading to pain, nerve compression, and in severe cases, paralysis. While IVDD is influenced by both genetics and lifestyle factors, screening helps identify dogs that may be at increased risk and supports responsible breeding and preventive care strategies.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA) is an inherited neurological disorder that affects the cerebellum and spinal pathways responsible for coordination, balance, and controlled movement. The condition causes progressive degeneration of nerve cells within these critical areas of the nervous system, leading to a gradual loss of motor control and coordination. Because SCA is a genetic disease, it can be passed from parent dogs to their offspring, making DNA testing an essential tool for identifying carriers and affected dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Spongiform Leucoencephalomyelopathy (SLEM) is a rare inherited neurological disorder that affects both the brain and spinal cord, leading to progressive degeneration of the central nervous system. The condition is characterized by damage to the white matter (myelin), which is essential for fast and efficient transmission of nerve signals. Because SLEM is genetic in origin, DNA testing is an important tool for identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

Stargardt Disease (STGD) is a rare inherited retinal disorder that affects the normal function of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The condition is caused by genetic mutations that disrupt the health and function of photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium, leading to progressive vision impairment. Over time, these changes can result in significant loss of visual function and, in some cases, blindness. Because STGD is a hereditary condition, genetic testing plays a crucial role in identifying affected and carrier dogs and supporting responsible breeding practices.

Syringomyelia (SM) is a serious neurological condition in dogs in which fluid-filled cavities, called syrinxes, form within the spinal cord. These cavities can expand over time, damaging surrounding nervous tissue and disrupting the normal transmission of nerve signals. Syringomyelia is most commonly associated with skull and brain shape abnormalities that affect the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Because of its hereditary component in predisposed breeds, genetic testing and screening play an important role in identifying dogs at risk and supporting responsible breeding decisions.

The T-Box (Bobtail) gene test is a genetic screening tool used to identify the presence of a mutation in the T gene (also known as the Brachyury gene), which is responsible for natural bobtail formation in certain dog breeds. A bobtail refers to a naturally shortened tail, which can range from a very short stump to a partially reduced tail. This trait is inherited and can occur either naturally or through selective breeding, depending on the breed standard.

Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome (TNS) is a serious inherited immune system disorder found primarily in certain dog breeds, most notably the Border Collie. The condition affects the body’s ability to release neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a vital role in fighting infections.

von Willebrand Disease Type 1 (vWD1) is an inherited bleeding disorder that affects a dog’s ability to form normal blood clots. The condition is caused by reduced levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein that plays a critical role in the clotting process.