This condition primarily affects two major systems: the coat and skin (curly coat component) and the eyes (dry eye component). Both arise from the same developmental defect, which disrupts normal gland function and hair follicle formation.
Curly Coat Component
In affected dogs, the coat often appears abnormally curly, wiry, or sparse, even in breeds that typically have straight or smooth coats. Hair may be brittle, dry, and prone to breakage. Skin can also be affected due to reduced function of sebaceous (oil) glands, leading to dryness, scaling, and increased susceptibility to skin infections.
Over time, poor coat quality and reduced skin barrier function may result in chronic dermatological issues, including recurrent bacterial or fungal infections. The abnormal coat condition is often one of the earliest visible signs of CC/DE.
Dry Eye Component (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca – KCS)
The ocular component of CC/DE affects the tear-producing lacrimal glands, leading to reduced tear production. This condition is known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or “dry eye.”
Tears are essential for lubricating the eye, removing debris, and protecting against infection. In dogs affected by CC/DE, insufficient tear production causes chronic dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva. This leads to irritation, inflammation, and discomfort.
Clinical signs of dry eye may include:
- Redness of the eyes
- Thick or sticky eye discharge
- Frequent blinking or squinting
- Rubbing or pawing at the eyes
- Cloudiness of the cornea
- In severe cases, corneal ulcers or vision impairment
Without treatment, chronic dry eye can lead to painful eye damage and potential vision loss.
Diagnosis and Testing
The CC/DE Health Test is primarily a DNA-based genetic test that identifies the mutation responsible for this syndrome. The test is performed using a cheek swab or blood sample and analyzed in a laboratory to determine whether the dog carries the genetic variant linked to the disease.
In addition to genetic testing, eye function may be evaluated using the Schirmer Tear Test (STT), which measures tear production. Dermatological examination may also help assess coat and skin abnormalities.
Results are generally reported as:
- Clear (Normal): No mutation detected; normal coat and tear gland function expected.
- Carrier: One copy of the mutation; usually no clinical signs but can pass the gene to offspring.
- Affected: Two copies of the mutation; high risk of developing both curly coat and dry eye symptoms.
Importance in Breeding and Care
CC/DE is especially important in breeding dogs, as it is a clearly inherited condition that can significantly impact both quality of life and long-term health. Responsible breeding practices aim to avoid carrier-to-carrier matings to reduce the incidence of this disorder in future generations.
For affected dogs, early diagnosis allows for effective management. Dry eye is commonly treated with artificial tears, immune-modulating eye drops (such as cyclosporine), and regular veterinary monitoring. Skin and coat issues are managed through dermatological care, medicated shampoos, and supportive nutrition.
Summary
The Curly Coat / Dry Eye (CC/DE) Health Test is a valuable genetic screening tool that supports early identification of ectodermal disorders, improves breeding decisions, and helps maintain long-term skin and eye health in dogs.
